I. Dimitrov and W. Prinz
Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology FIT, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt Augustin, Germany
RWTH Aachen University, Templergraben 55, 52062 Aachen, Germany
Tel.: +49 2241 142808
E-mail: ivan.dimitrov@fit.fraunhofer.de
Received: 14 June 2024 Revised: 21 December 2024 Accepted: 28 January 2025
Published: 24 March 2025
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Abstract: This paper researches the latest advancements in Ethereum virtual machine wallet standards, with a
particular focus on account abstraction (AA) and Zero-Knowledge (ZK)-Based wallet proposals. With the
continuous evolution of the Blockchain technology, there is an escalating demand for wallets that are not only
more secure and efficient but also user-friendly. That is why the research examines new wallet standards that
incorporates an innovative account abstraction layer, designed to provide greater flexibility and enhance user
interactions. Additionally, the paper explores ZK-Based wallet proposals, which leverage zero-knowledge proofs
to enhance privacy and security in wallet transactions. Through a summarized analysis, it assesses the potential
impacts of these emerging standards on user experience, security, and overall blockchain ecosystem integration.
The findings are aiming to provide valuable insights for developers and users in the cryptocurrency domain,
highlighting the opportunities and challenges which these new wallet standards present.
Keywords: Blockchain accounts, Externally owned accounts, Account abstractions, Smart contract accounts,
ZK-based wallets, ZK accounts.
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